绿松石雕是以鄂西北绿松石为原料的传统雕刻技艺，可考的历史追溯至春秋战国时代。该技艺主要分布于湖北武汉、十堰、襄阳及荆州等地，2021年5月被列入第五批国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录（项目编号Ⅶ 56），其保护单位湖北省工艺美术研究所于2023年通过国家级评估。

非物质文化遗产

绿松石雕刻技艺

文化／匠心／技艺

山河的胎记

绿松石雕刻技艺的历史可追溯至距今约9000年的新石器时代早期，河南舞阳贾湖遗址的绿松石坠饰是其早期萌芽的实物佐证，彼时以简单琢磨的串饰、坠饰为主，仰韶、马家窑等文化还发展出粘结型镶嵌工艺。

The history of turquoise carving techniques can be traced back to the early Neolithic period, approximately 9,000 years ago. The turquoise pendants discovered at the Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province, serve as physical evidence of their early origins, primarily consisting of simple polished beads and pendants. During the Yangshao and Majiayao cultures, adhesive inlay techniques were further developed.

夏商时期，这项技艺步入礼制高峰，二里头遗址的绿松石龙形器、铜牌饰尽显王室专属礼器的精湛工艺，商代则将其广泛用于青铜器、兵器等的镶嵌，工艺更趋多元。

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, this craft reached its peak within ritual systems. The turquoise dragon-shaped artifact and bronze plaques from the Erlitou site exemplify the exquisite craftsmanship of royal ritual objects, while during the Shang dynasty, it was widely applied in inlays on bronzes, weapons, and other items, with techniques becoming increasingly diverse.

春秋战国时期，技艺从礼器装饰转向宝石级别工艺，立体雕、浮雕等技法成型，虢国墓地、越王剑上的镶嵌作品见证了技术的融合创新。

During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, craftsmanship shifted from ritual vessel decoration to gem-level techniques, with three-dimensional carving and relief carving methods taking shape. Inlaid works found at the tomb site of the State of Guo and on the sword of King Yue bear witness to the integration and innovation of these technologies.

明清时期，湖北竹山、郧阳等地大规模开采优质绿松石，南工北技交融，作品从宫廷走向民间，鼻烟壶、生肖印章等实用器物涌现。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, large-scale mining of high-quality green turquoise took place in places like Zhushan and Yunyang in Hubei Province. The blending of southern craftsmanship and northern techniques resulted in works transitioning from the palace to the common people, with practical items such as snuff bottles and zodiac seal stamps emerging.

近现代以来，技艺逐步实现体系化传承，2021年被列入国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，如今，匠人在传承传统技法的同时，也结合现代设计与数字手段推动其创新发展。

Since modern times, craftsmanship has gradually been systematized and passed down. In 2021, it was included in the national list of representative intangible cultural heritage projects. Today, while artisans continue to pass down traditional techniques, they also integrate modern design and digital tools to drive innovation and development.

             绿松石雕

刀笔的承接

1.选料、切割定型：首先要对绿松石的品级以及重量进行划分，先测量绿松石的尺寸以及重量，根据这几个参数，再决定绿松石原石，更适合雕刻加工成哪一种成品。选好料后，将其切割成适合雕刻的形状，用以备用。

1. Selection and cutting/shaping: First, determine the grade and weight of the turquoise. Measure the size and weight of the turquoise, and based on these parameters, decide which type of finished product the raw turquoise stone is best suited for. Once the material has been selected, it is cut into shapes suitable for carving, ready for use.

2.设计绘图：绿松石设计绘图是手工雕刻的关键。先粗画一遍大致轮廓，需注重整体比例结构关系 ，后再进一步细画，人物的结构、轮廓、身体姿态以及四肢各部位，使之层次逐步清晰丰满。

2. Design and Illustration: The design and illustration of turquoise pieces are crucial for hand-carving. First, a rough outline is sketched to establish the overall proportions and structural relationships. Then, further details are added, focusing on the structure, contours, body posture, and various parts of the limbs, gradually making the design more intricate and detailed.

3.粗雕：图绘好样后，即可先进行粗雕，粗雕是按照设计要求将绿松石料雕琢成形，初步达到设计绿松石雕件的基本造型，粗雕这一工序也是整个雕刻过程中的基础工序。

3. Rough Carving: Once the design has been finalized, the process of rough carving can begin. Rough carving involves shaping the greenstone material according to the design specifications, initially achieving the basic form of the designed greenstone carving piece. This step serves as the foundation of the entire carving process.

4.精雕：细雕的目的就是对绿松石整体造型进一步的精细。

4. Polishing: The purpose of fine polishing is to further refine the overall shape of the turquoise.

5.修整：修整是将绿松石雕件的细节之处，再次进行细化，使用精细刻刀雕琢细节，运用立体雕、浮雕、镂空雕等技法，刻画人物神态、器物纹理等关键内容。

5. Polishing: Polishing involves refining the details of an emerald stone carving piece once more. Fine carving tools are used to carve out intricate details, employing techniques such as three-dimensional carving, intaglio carving, and hollow carving to depict key elements like the expressions of figures and the textures of objects.

6.打磨抛光：从粗砂到细砂逐步打磨作品表面，去除雕刻痕迹，使质感趋于平滑细腻。用抛光工具或材料进行精细处理，让绿松石显现出温润通透的光泽，完成最终成品。

6. Polishing: Gradually polish the surface of the piece, starting with coarse sand and moving to fine sand, to remove any traces of carving and achieve a smooth, refined texture. Use polishing tools or materials to perform fine work, allowing the turquoise to display a warm, translucent shine, resulting in the final product.

纹有密语

一块绿松石原石，需历经“选料、相石、设计、定形、精雕、打磨抛光”六道核心工序，方能蜕变为艺术品。这其中，藏着中国传统工艺“因材施艺”的精髓。

A piece of green turquoise raw stone must undergo six core processes: selection of materials, stone evaluation, design, shaping, intricate carving, and polishing. Only then can it transform into an artwork. Within this process lies the essence of traditional Chinese craftsmanship, which emphasizes adapting techniques to the characteristics of the material.

相石设计是灵魂。雕刻师需像读懂石头的语言般，观察原石的大小、色泽、纹理乃至铁线分布。瞿光玉常说：“好的设计不是让石头迁就图案，而是让图案生长在石头上。”这种“巧雕”技法让天然瑕疵转化为艺术亮点。

Stone carving design is the essence. The carver must observe the original stone’s size, color, texture, and even the distribution of iron lines, much like deciphering the language of the stone. Qu Guangyu often said, “Good design does not involve the stone conforming to the pattern; rather, it allows the pattern to grow on the stone.” This technique of “skillful carving” transforms natural flaws into artistic highlights.

精雕细琢见真章。以立体雕为主，融合高浮雕、镂空雕、阴刻等技法，人物雕刻需精准把握神态比例，花卉题材要展现花瓣层叠质感。殷墟时期便有“特级品手工定制、一级品六面打磨”的分级标准，如今的匠人更将其发扬光大，细微处甚至需要放大镜辅助雕刻。

The true essence is revealed through meticulous craftsmanship. Focusing primarily on three-dimensional carving, it integrates techniques such as high relief, intaglio, and hollow carving. In terms of human figures, the sculptor must accurately capture the proportions of the facial expressions. For floral subjects, the emphasis is on showcasing the layered texture of the petals. During the Yinxu period, there were grading standards such as “exquisite handcrafted items with top-tier quality and six-sided polishing for first-class items.” Today’s artisans have further refined these standards, requiring even the use of magnifying glasses to assist in intricate details.

打磨抛光赋光泽：最后一道工序决定作品的温润质感，从粗砂到细砂的反复打磨，再经抛光处理，让绿松石的青蓝色泽充分显现，宛如凝脂般温润通透。

Polishing and shining to give it luster: The final process determines the warm texture of the piece. After repeated polishing from coarse to fine sand, the green and blue hues of the turquoise are fully revealed, appearing as smooth and translucent as melted butter.

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